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The Y chromosome in hierarch — including man — is develop much more rapidly than the X chromosome , raw research on six hierarch coinage suggests .
For instance , humans and Pan troglodytes partake upwardly of98 % of their DNAacross the whole of the genome , but just 14 % to 27 % of the DNA sequences on the human Y chromosome are share with our near living relatives .
The Y chromosome in chimpanzees is evolving faster than the X chromosome.
The determination surprised scientists , give that humans and chimpanzee depart just 7 million years ago — a radar target in evolutionary damage .
" I expect my genome to be very unlike to that of bacteria or dirt ball because a lot of fourth dimension has go along , evolutionarily speaking , " subject area atomic number 27 - authorBrandon Pickett , a postdoctoral fellow at the National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) at the National Institutes of Health , told Live Science . " But from other primates , I require it to be moderately similar . "
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It ’s not clear on the dot why the Y chromosome is develop so quickly . For starter there is only a single written matter of the Y chromosome per cellphone — in primates , female carry two copy of the go chromosome , while male expect an X and a Y chromosome – – the Y chromosome plays a vital role in spermatozoan yield and fertility . Having only a single copy of the Y chromosome present a vulnerability – – if change fall out to come , there is no 2nd chromosome to act as a backup .
And changesarelikely to occur due to something called mutation bias . The Y chromosome may be so prone to change because it father many spermatozoon . This requires lot of desoxyribonucleic acid replication . And every metre DNA is copy , there ’s a probability for mistake to pussyfoot in .
Scientists have previously sequenced theprimate genomeforall 16 representative families .
In the new cogitation , published May 29 in the journalNature , scientist compare the sex chromosome of five capital aper species — chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes ) , pygmy chimpanzee ( Pan paniscus ) , westerly lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla)and Bornean and Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeusandPongo abelii ) — and one more distantly related to human being , siamang gibbon ( Symphalangus syndactylus ) .
The squad study the chromosome using telomere - to - telomere ( T2 T ) sequencing . T2 T can accurately sequence repetitive element , admit the protective telomere " caps " of chromosome that have proven unmanageable to read in the past , Pickett said . The researchers used cipher software to make compare between the sequencing upshot , by creating alignments to reveal which parts of the chromosome had vary and which parts had stay the same .
The chromosomal X and Y sequences of each of the six mintage were also equate to the human X and Y chromosome , already sequence in anearlier studywith the T2 T method acting .
The finding revealed that across all the study species , the Y chromosome acquire chop-chop . Even species in the same genus have very dissimilar Y chromosomes to one another . For representative , chimpanzees and pygmy chimpanzee diverge just 1 million to 2 million geezerhood ago , yet there is a dramatic difference in their Y chromosome length , saidChristian Roos , a senior scientist at the Primate Genetics Laboratory , German Primate Center , who was not involved in the written report .
In some cases the departure in duration — triggered by chromosome losses or duplications that come about when DNA is copy — amount to up to about half of the observed remainder . For example , the Y chromosome from theSumatran orangutan is double as long as the gibbon ’s Ychromosome .
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In contrast , the study found that the ecstasy chromosome was extremely conserved across the primate metal money , as might be expected for a structure with a critical role in facts of life .
One reason the Y seems to have thrived despite such a gamey rate of mutation is that across all the studied mintage , it contains stretches of extremely repetitious genetic material , such as palindromic repeats , where the sequence translate the same forward and backward . nestle within these stretches of repeat DNA are genes . So the duplicate DNA may safeguard important cistron from replication mistakes and thereby preserve substantive biological material , the researchers write in their paper .
The survey did have limitations though ; it bet at only a single interpreter for each archpriest species , and it could n’t say how much the Y chromosome would diverge within animals of the same species , Pickett said .
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