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The ever - speed up expansion of the universe may be driven by a mysterious physical body of matter called " unparticles , " which do not obey the Standard Model ofparticle physics , a new theoretical paper advise .
scientist widely acknowledge thatthe cosmos is expand , though the cause of that expansion remains elusive . One of the most popular proposed explanation is a mysterious entity calleddark energyin the contour of a cosmological constant , which pass to expansion at a charge per unit independent of the old age of the universe and the temperature of matter and radiation . However , recent astronomical observationschallenge this hypothesis , prompting physicists to explore option to what saturnine energy could be .
A supernova observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in the galaxy M82. Supernovas of this type, type Ia, were fundamental in the discovery of the universe’s expansion and the theory of dark energy.
Now , in a new paper , research worker analyzed the musical theme that dismal vim is or else made of a theoretic variant of affair call unparticles . They plant that this theory aligns better with observations than the prevalent standard cosmological mannequin , which assumes a cosmological constant .
" Observationally , discrepancies arise in the value of the universe ’s expansion charge per unit and the emergence of large - musical scale structure [ galaxies and galactic clustering ] between measurements , " discipline co - authorUtkarsh Kumar , a cosmologist at Ariel University , recount Live Science in an email . " Various observations , including Cosmic Microwave Background measure , blur of supernova and many others , contribute to this tautness . "
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amount such as the Hubble constant , which mold the rate of expansion , and the so - ring S8 , which comprise information about the formation of large - scale social structure , are not measured right away . rather , they are calculated from observation of the cosmic microwave backdrop ( remnant irradiation from theBig Bang ) and distant whiz and wandflower , using mathematical theories . However , dissimilar theory knuckle under unlike values of these parameter from the same data , posinga huge tension in cosmogeny .
To handle this problem , the writer of the raw study , published in December 2023 in theJournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics , intimate that the expansion of the universe is driven not by a cosmological constant quantity but by unparticles , which had antecedently been deal in the circumstance of particle physics .
" The idea of unparticles wasintroducedby [ theoretical physicist Howard ] Georgi over a decade ago , " lead subject area authorIdo Ben - Dayan , also of Ariel University , told Live Science in an email . " In fundamental physical science , we commonly talk about fields , like the electric force field , where mote are excitation of that field . In the electric subject area causa , these are the photon , " or packet of light . In almost all case , Ben - Dayan added , particles are excitations with a well - defined mess and momentum .
However , " unparticles are the result of a set of fields that their inflammation do not have a well - defined momentum and mass , " Ben - Dayan said . " Thus , at the macroscopic level , they comport as a fluid . A special outcome of this property is that their equation of United States Department of State , describing the ratio between the pressure they exert and their energy concentration , depends on temperature . "
This equation of state strongly resembles the equating for the cosmological constant quantity . Moreover , the very debile interaction of unparticles with “ steady ” subject , which is bode by all theoretic model of the substance , make up it an excellent candidate for dour vim .
Unparticles untangled
In their work , Ben - Dayan and Kumar used the unparticle hypothesis instead of the cosmogenic invariable and combined it with observational data collected from many experiments . They get that , unlike the values calculate using the stock cosmological poser , the economic value of the Hubble invariable and the S8 parameter deduct from these experiments were reproducible with each other when they used the unparticle theory .
" Moreover , their model reduced the discrepancy between the measurements of the Hubble constant and S8 , thus restoring the agreement between the unlike measurement , Kumar say .
For now , there is no empirical evidence to back up this possibility . However , the authors are confident that , in the next decade or so , the accuracy of astronomic mensuration will improve enough to determine whether the unparticle theory is right .
" Our model is tested by constantly ameliorate cosmologic observation , " Ben - Dayan said . " If it is right , next Cosmic Microwave Background experiment should [ confirm it ] . "
Experiments to valuate the nature of dark Energy Department are currently being developed , but will require telescopes to " examine furtherback in metre " than they presently do , Ben - Dayan bring .
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Moreover , the physicist plan to increase the accuracy of their computing and bet for potential reflexion of unparticles in more familiar experiments with elemental particles in accelerators , which could be affected by the presence of unparticles .
" We plan to study fundamental interaction between unparticles and the Standard Model of elementary particle , " Kumar said . " This can further test our model . We will further study some extensions of our theoretical account and their cosmological consequences . "
